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Showing posts with label Digital. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Digital. Show all posts

Thursday, 21 August 2025

Chronicling evolution of MyKad since 2001: MyKad – Shaping the future of Malaysia’s digital citizens

 

Badrul Hisham showing old identity cards on display at NRD.

rds on display at NRD.

With a single card, individuals can confirm their Malaysian citizenship and seamlessly handle daily tasks such as paying toll, using public transport and buying essentials.

Efficient and convenient – that’s how several users describe their experience using MyKad in daily life.

Some are even updating their MyKad to ensure they have access to the one-off RM100 cash aid given out by the government for the purchase of essentials from Aug 31 in conjunction with National Day.

The identity card of Malaysia’s first prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj on display at the NRD museum. (Right) Badrul Hisham showing old identity cards.The identity card of Malaysia’s first prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj on display at the NRD museum. (Right) Badrul Hisham showing old identity cards.

“I don’t need to carry multiple cards in my wallet.

“MyKad is enough,” said trader Roslina Daud, who uses it as an alternative Touch ‘n Go (TNG) payment method for tolls and parking fees.

Private sector worker Maisara Abdul, who uses public transport to commute to work, said the My50 pass integrated with MyKad was convenient as she no longer needed to carry multiple travel passes for different modes of transport.

Sumbangan Asas Rahmah (Sara) aid recipient Rohani Abdullah welcomed the use of MyKad as a payment method for basic necessities, saying it helps reduce the risk of loss or theft.

“With MyKad, Sara recipients like me do not need to queue at banks or automated teller machines (ATMs) to withdraw money.

“We can go directly to the supermarket, pick up essential items and pay using MyKad,” she said.

History of MyKad

MyKad, or Government Multipurpose Identity Card, was introduced in 2001.

New MyKad waiting to be collected at NRD Putrajaya. — FilepicNew MyKad waiting to be collected at NRD Putrajaya. — Filepic

Its goal was to modernise the national identity system, enhance identity security and offer a digital platform that integrates multiple applications into a single card.

Commenting on MyKad’s evolution over more than two decades, National Registration Department (NRD) director-general Badrul Hisham Alias said four versions had been introduced, with the latest launched in 2012.

However, the department is now in the final phase of developing a new MyKad version with enhanced security features.

“The first version used plastic before being upgraded to Polikad 2.0, followed by the current version, which includes additional features like a ‘ghost image’ to improve security.

“Overall, MyKad underwent major changes in 2012 to keep up with technological developments, including design, security features and chip technology,” he said in an interview with Bernama.

Explaining the meaning behind the term “MyKad”, he said “My” referred to Malaysia, while “Kad” meant identification card – its main function being to identify all Malaysian citizens.

“MyKad is the continuation of the country’s identity document (ID) system, which started with paper cards (1948-1960), then blue plastic ID cards (1960-1990), followed by the hibiscus cards (high-quality IDs from 1990-2001) and now, the modern MyKad,” he said.

Although not fully digital, MyKad is designed to support various government transactions and services by integrating digital applications like driving licences, international passport information, basic health data and e-wallets.

“MyKad is widely used in Malaysia’s public healthcare sector, especially for managing medical records, vaccinations and access to public hospital services through identity verification.

The country’s ID system started with paper cards (1948-1960). — Photos: BernamaThe country’s ID system started with paper cards (1948-1960). — Photos: Bernama

“We have also collaborated with agencies like Inland Revenue Board (LHDN) and Employees Provident Fund (EPF) to improve the effectiveness of financial aid delivery,” he said.

Security features

On public concerns about MyKad’s security, especially if it becomes more widely used, Badrul Hisham said the latest card version contained a chip with built-in security features.

“This chip can only be read, written and recorded by NRD’s approved systems.

“While the chip is also used in other industries, its usage in MyKad is tightly controlled,” he explained.

Visible security features include the “ghost image” using laser engraving technology and enhanced smart chip capacity.

While chip card readers are widely available in the market, only NRD-approved devices can access MyKad data.

Badrul Hisham said data sharing with other agencies like LHDN, Road Transport Department (JPJ), police, Health Ministry and others was conducted securely under a “whole-of-government” approach.

While chip card readers are widely available in the market, only NRD-approved devices can access MyKad data. — FilepicWhile chip card readers are widely available in the market, only NRD-approved devices can access MyKad data. — Filepic

He noted that the MyKad chip was equipped with security keys to prevent unauthorised data access or misuse.

“MyKad data can only be accurately accessed using card readers programmed with specific command sets supplied by certified vendors.

“Fingerprint data is encrypted and requires matching keys for access.

“Any information update can only be done at NRD counters through a card replacement process,” he explained.

Badrul Hisham added that data sharing was regulated and must be approved by the NRD director-general.

“This sharing is only allowed for specific purposes, like improving public services, policy development or research – all while ensuring data confidentiality and security,” he said.

Regarding the risk of MyKad forgery or data cloning, he said the card was designed according to international standards and was very difficult to forge.

“Security features exist on multiple layers of the card, with some requiring special tools for verification.

“This makes MyKad, especially the chip, very hard to counterfeit,” he said.

Role in aid

Currently, MyKad is used to distribute financial aid such as Sumbangan Tunai Rahmah (STR), Sara and eKasih.

Sara, for example, involves 5.4 million recipients using aid from the Finance Ministry to purchase items from 14 categories at participating outlets.

On the perception that Sara funds are “loaded” into MyKad, Badrul Hisham clarified that no money was credited to the card itself.

Instead, recipients’ data is accessed through the store’s system during transactions.

“At participating stores, simply present your MyKad.

“Once your ID number is entered, your name will appear and you can shop based on your allocated aid amount,” he said, adding that the system also showed the remaining balance.

“For the RM100 Sara aid announced by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim, recipients only need to present their MyKad to the cashier for identity verification,” he said.

Badrul Hisham stressed that the aid redemption could not be delegated to another individual.

“It is important to remember that MyKad cannot be held or used by others, including family members, in accordance with Regulation 25(1)(e) of the National Registration Regulations 1990,” he said.

Violators may face up to three years in prison, a fine of up to RM20,000, or both.

Badrul Hisham acknowledged that NRD’s initial goal to make MyKad a multi-purpose platform had yet to be fully realised, despite it being in place for 24 years.

Interest from government agencies in using MyKad as a core service delivery platform has also waned.

He said the latest MyKad version could support digital applications for payments, health records and banking, because of its increased chip capacity – 124KB or 128KB compared to the previous 84KB.

“But many agencies have stopped using MyKad in their systems – like JPJ.

“Otherwise, we would not need to carry a physical driver’s licence; MyKad would suffice.”

Physical vs digital

Commenting on MyDigital ID and MyKad, Badrul Hisham said the physical MyKad was governed by the National Registration Act 1959 and would remain relevant despite MyDigital ID implementation.

NRD is committed to ensuring MyKad remains a robust and relevant identity document, aligned with technological progress and public needs, he said.

In the future, he added, MyKad would not only serve as a physical ID, but also as a key to Malaysia’s digital ecosystem, integrating government, financial, healthcare and social services into one secure, efficient and accessible platform.

“Even in other countries with digital systems, physical ID cards still play a role.

“Our goal is to provide fully end-to-end services, including digital services.”

To support this, NRD is in the process of amending the National Registration Act to enable digital applications via MyKad.

Dr Umi Hamidaton Mohd Soffian Lee, a senior lecturer from the Economics and Muamalat Faculty at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) said MyKad remained crucial in the distribution of aid and subsidies.

“MyKad serves as an integrated database, enabling the government to identify target groups for aid distribution and targeted subsidies based on the profile contained in the MyKad, which includes information such as individual and household income, records of government aid received such as STR and Sara, and number of dependants,” she said.

Citing the example of implementing targeted subsidies for petrol, she said using MyKad was more efficient as the card’s security features could prevent duplication.

“However, if the government intends to implement targeted petrol subsidies via MyKad scanning in the future, it is advisable to first enhance information and digital technology infrastructure in rural areas,” she said.

Umi Hamidaton also recommended that the quality of MyKad continue to be improved, noting that incidents still occurred where the security chip could not be read and the card itself broke easily.

Blockchain enhancement

Blockchain technology can improve MyKad’s security and transparency by storing data in immutable digital ledgers, enabling full audit trails for each access and using cryptography for secure identity verification.

Dr Nor Alina Ismail, Data Science and Computing Faculty head at Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), said blockchain could ensure better data integrity through permanent records, cryptography and transparent verification across networks – making manipulation or hacking very difficult.

“Unlike centralised systems that are vulnerable to breaches and data loss, blockchain offers distributed storage and real-time audit trails, ideal for sensitive data like health records and digital identity if combined with strong privacy protection mechanisms,” she explained.

She said MyKad could be enhanced into a digital identity wallet through blockchain, integrating personal data like e-wallets, digital certificates, driving licences, health records and ID data securely in a single chain of identity.

She added that zero-knowledge proofs could allow verification of status – such as citizenship or age – without disclosing the full data, improving privacy.

The technology also enables cross-sector use (government, banking, healthcare, education and transport) through shared ledgers and automated smart contract verification.

“For instance, when applying for a bank loan, the bank can verify ID through NRD and employment status via EPF or LHDN without needing physical documents.

“This access can also be restricted via permissioned blockchain and logged for auditing, making processes more efficient and less prone to fraud while giving users full control,” she said.

However, for full implementation, a legal framework, stable digital infrastructure and strong privacy protection are required.

Anticipating that MyKad will evolve into a fully digital identity system within five to 10 years, Nor Alina said Malaysia could emulate countries like Estonia, which had a comprehensive digital identity system.

But, she acknowledged that building a blockchain-based MyKad system would require large government investment in technology, digital infrastructure upgrades, long-term maintenance and training.

“The main challenge is the high initial cost due to upgrading current systems, bridging the digital divide, enhancing existing laws, drafting new ones and developing a comprehensive cybersecurity policy,” she said.

“However, this transformation depends on the readiness of digital infrastructure, the legal framework, public technological literacy and data security assurance.

“Therefore, in this decade, we may see a hybrid approach, where MyKad exists in both physical and digital forms before fully transitioning to a blockchain-based digital identity once the nation’s technological and legal ecosystem is truly ready,” added Nor Alina.

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Sunday, 15 December 2024

Heralding the Golden Age of Cryptocurrency


 ■ Presidentelect Donald Trump’s embrace of cryptocurrencies marks a pivotal moment

■ Analysts projecting Bitcoin to reach US$200,000 by end-2025

■ The outlook for Bitcoin and the broader crypto market is overwhelmingly positive, but risks remain

THE cryptocurrency world is buzzing with speculation that bitcoin could reach an unprecedented US$200,000 by 2025. While bitcoin has yet to stabilise around the US$100,000 mark, its meteoric rise in 2024 has emboldened investors and analysts to project a bullish future for the world’s leading digital asset.

Bitwise Asset Management, a prominent voice in the crypto sphere, has described the upcoming year as the Golden Age of Crypto.

According to the firm, the regulatory landscape in the United States has significantly improved following the 2024 US elections. President-elect Donald Trump’s embrace of cryptocurrencies marks a pivotal moment.

“We believe we are entering the Golden Age of Crypto,” Bitwise analysts, led by chief investment officer Matt Hougan and head of research Ryan Rasmussen, state in the group’s report.

Bitwise expects Crypto’s magnificent three – Bitcoin, Ethereum and Solanato – to hit new all-time highs in 2025, with bitcoin leading the rise to trade above US$200,000.

In addition to Bitwise, other analysts projecting bitcoin to reach US$200,000 include Geoff Kendrick, head of crypto research at Standard Chartered, and analysts at Bernstein, led by Gautam Chhugani.

Kendrick forecasts that bitcoin could hit this milestone by the end of 2025, driven by institutional investments in bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFS).

In a recent note, he stated that Standard Chartered’s target of US$200,000 by 2025 is “achievable”, adding: “We would become even more bullish if bitcoin experienced accelerated adoption by US retirement funds, global sovereign wealth funds, or the establishment of a potential US strategic reserve fund.

“We anticipate institutional flows to continue at or exceed the pace set in 2024. Microstrategy, for instance, is ahead of its Us$42bil threeyear plan, suggesting its purchases in 2025 will likely match or surpass those of 2024.”

Meanwhile, Bernstein’s analysts attribute their bitcoin price target of US$200,000 by end-2025 to unprecedented demand stemming from spot bitcoin ETFS managed by leading asset managers, according to media reports.

Trump effect

Essentially, crypto has emerged as a clear winner in the 2024 US elections, giving it a brighter regulatory outlook in the United States, Bitwise notes.

For one thing, Trump has announced plans to create a strategic bitcoin reserve and nominated Scott Bessent as Treasury Secretary. Bessent’s earlier comment that “crypto is about freedom and the crypto economy is here to stay” reflects the administration’s pro-crypto stance. The reshuffling of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which has historically taken a sceptical view of digital assets, adds another layer of optimism.

Similarly, Bernstein analysts attribute bitcoin’s rise to Trump’s support for cryptocurrencies. They point out that his plan to position the United States as a global leader in the crypto space and his choice of Paul Atkins, a known crypto advocate, to lead the SEC have bolstered market confidence.

Record highs

Bitcoin has since cooled to below US$95,000 at the time of writing, after reaching an alltime high of US$103,992 earlier this month.

This marks a 141.72% increase year-to-date as of Dec 6, 2024. According to Bitwise, the surge was largely driven by the US launch of spot bitcoin ETFS, which set records with Us$33.6bil in inflows within their first year.

Other crypto assets, including Ethereum and Solana, also posted substantial year-to-date gains of 75.77% and 127.71%, respectively. This performance highlights how cryptocurrencies, led by bitcoin, ethereum and solana, have outpaced all major asset classes in 2024.

Crypto equities mirrored this bullish trend. Companies like Microstrategy and Coinbase saw their shares skyrocket by 525.39% and 97.57%, respectively. In comparison, traditional assets such as the S&P 500 and gold returned 28.07% and 27.65% over the same period, highlighting crypto’s dominance.

Catalysts for next milestone

The factors driving bitcoin’s trajectory towards US$200,000 are multifaceted, Bitwise highlights. The launch of bitcoin

ETFS in 2024 shattered expectations, and Bitwise believes 2025 will see even greater inflows.

“When US spot bitcoin ETFS launched in January 2024, ETF experts forecast the group to see Us$5bil to Us$15bil of inflows in their first year. They passed the higher end of that range within the first six months.

“Since launching, the record-setting ETFS have gathered Us$33.6bil in inflows. We expect 2025’s inflows to top that,” Bitwise says.

Drawing a parallel with gold ETFS launched in 2004, Bitwise notes that ETF inflows typically accelerate in subsequent years.

“The best historical analogy we have for the bitcoin ETF launch is the launch of gold ETFS in 2004. Flows petering out would be unusual,” it explains.

At present, major financial institutions such as Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch, and Bank of America have yet to fully embrace bitcoin ETFS.

Bitwise anticipates this to change in 2025, unlocking a wave of institutional investments. “The trillions of dollars these firms manage will start flowing into bitcoin ETFS,” Bitwise predicts.

Risk tolerance

While bitcoin remains the focal point, other cryptocurrencies like Ethereum and Solana are also poised for substantial gains in 2025. Bitwise’s price targets for Ethereum and Solana are US$7,000 and US$750, respectively.

Ethereum, despite its impressive 2024 performance, has faced competition from fastergrowing programmable blockchains.

However, Bitwise anticipates a “narrative shift” as activity on

Layer 2 blockchains and spot Ethereum ETFS gain traction.

Solana’s resurgence, driven by memecoin mania in 2024, is also expected to continue as serious projects migrate to its network, it says.

Meanwhile, JP Morgan points out that the role of crypto in portfolio construction is mostly a function of risk tolerance.

“Cryptocurrencies are inherently unpredictable: there is little visibility into future price movements and blockchain technology, while exciting, also has few barriers to entry, meaning tokens can become obsolete (and therefore worthless) as new ones enter the market with improved functionality,” the US asset management company cautions.

“As a result, for most investors, any allocation to crypto in a portfolio should be kept both small enough to ensure that even in the event of a significant sell-off it does not derail overall portfolio objectives and well diversified,” it adds.

While the outlook for bitcoin and the broader crypto market is overwhelmingly positive, risks remain.

Regulatory clarity, though improving, is still a work in progress.

The global economic environment, including interest-rate policies and geopolitical tensions, could also impact investor sentiment.

However, the convergence of favourable regulatory developments, institutional adoption and technological advancements positions bitcoin as a strong contender to achieve new heights, potentially reshaping the global financial landscape.

By CECILIA kok cecilia_kok@thestar.com.my

Related posts:

Bitcoin must not in your retirement financial planning portfolio

Thursday, 1 August 2024

SAFEGUARDING DATA IN M’SIA’S NEW ERA OF E-INVOICING

Vast potential: Digitalisation boosts growth and efficiency, but adopting strong cybersecurity measures and secure software can protect data, systems and customers. Image: Blake Wisz / Unsplashed

AS THE roll out for Malaysia’s e-invoicing mandate draws near, small businesses around the country are embarking on their digital transformation journeys.

In doing so, they unlock numerous benefits such as increased efficiency and productivity and improved customer engagement, while becoming more competitive and resilient.

This digital shift however, can also introduce significant data and security risks.

Understanding these risks is crucial to protect businesses, their data and their customers.

Data breaches and other online crimes, including hacking and financial fraud, can have disastrous effects on businesses, such as the exposure of sensitive customer information, intellectual property theft and the disruption of business operations.

These breaches in security can result in significant losses for companies, sometimes amounting to millions of ringgit.

Additionally, small businesses, often the targets of cyber-attacks because they are seen as more vulnerable, may lose valuable consumer trust and potential opportunities.

Ahead of the phased mandate launch in August, business owners can ensure they are fully prepared by understanding the key advantages and risks of e-invoicing, and take proactive measures to safeguard their business.

Security first: Cyber threats are increasingly complex and widespread. Small businesses can protect sensitive data by choosing reputable software with strong security.Security first: Cyber threats are increasingly complex and widespread. Small businesses can protect sensitive data by choosing reputable software with strong security.

Security benefits and e-invoicing considerations

Despite the risks, the shift towards e-invoicing is certain to offer businesses numerous immediate and tangible benefits.

Enhanced efficiency, reduced errors and improved transparency in financial transactions make e-invoicing more secure than manual handling and traditional invoicing practices.

With oversight from the Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC), e-invoicing is tracked through the Peppol framework and verified in real-time, providing an additional layer of security and accountability.

Verification through Peppol ensures that invoices are authentic, preventing fraud and alterations.

This standardised network facilitates the secure and efficient exchange of electronic documents, protecting them from cyberattacks and potential data breaches.

Choose a reputable software provider

As Malaysian businesses look to adopt solutions that will enable them to comply with the upcoming mandate, prioritising reputable software providers to ensure data, privacy and security protection cannot be overstated.

In today’s digital landscape, cyber threats are pervasive and increasingly sophisticated, targeting vulnerabilities in businesses of all sizes.

By choosing established software providers known for robust security measures, small businesses can protect sensitive customer information and internal data from breaches and theft.

Reliable software providers offer regular updates, advanced encryption and compliance with regulatory standards, ensuring that businesses remain resilient against evolving cyber threats.

Additionally, this proactive approach fosters customer trust, as clients are more likely to engage with businesses that prioritise their privacy and data security.

Xero, for example, adheres to stringent security standards and compliance requirements to effectively safeguard user data.

By incorporating multi-factor authentication (MFA), user accounts and financial data remain secure and protected while Xero’s encryption protocols prevent unauthorised data access, safeguarding it from cyber threats.

With a global presence, including in countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand, Xero maintains a high level of cybersecurity features and compliance measures to meet regional and international standards.

The accounting platform currently supports many local businesses in streamlining processes and improving data security.

Additional precautions

In addition to leveraging the security features of cloud accounting software like Xero, Malaysian businesses can take extra precautions to safeguard their accounting data. This includes:

> Paying attention to security notices: staying informed about security alerts and notices from software providers to promptly address emerging threats.

> Reporting unusual activity: encouraging employees to report any suspicious or unusual activity related to accounting data to prevent potential security breaches.

> Deploying antivirus and anti-malware solutions: installing reputable antivirus and anti-malware software on their devices to protect against potentially malicious software.

There is no question that digitalisation presents enormous opportunities for growth and efficiency for small businesses, but with that, come some critical security risks.

By adopting cybersecurity measures and choosing software with robust protection features, small businesses can safeguard their data, systems and customers.

Proactive security management not only protects against financial losses and reputational damage but also builds trust with customers, fostering long-term business success.

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E-invoicing system set to go


PETALING JAYA: With two days to go, most of the 5,000 companies under Phase 1 of the e-invoicing rollout are raring to go and looking at a smooth takeoff, say stakeholders.

Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia treasurer-general Datuk Koong Lin Loong said these companies, with an annual turnover of RM100mil and above, should not face any major hiccups when transitioning to e-invoicing on Thursday.

“They will be able to cope with the transition as these companies have the resources to do so,” he said when contacted yesterday about worries some businesses have expressed about beginning the e-invoicing process.

Asked if accounting firms acting for these companies are facing pressure in switching to e-invoicing, Koong, who is a practising auditor and licensed tax agent, said that it is unlikely.

ALSO READ: How e-invoicing affects you

“There is some misunderstanding that e-invoicing is like the Goods and Services Tax (GST), which required some companies to change their entire accounting system.

This is not the case with e-invoicing because companies are already generating invoices through email and their existing computing systems. The only difference is that their invoices will now be digitised and linked to the Inland Revenue Board (LHDN),” he added.

Koong also said that it is quite normal for businesses to express worries whenever a new system is introduced, like mobile phone and QR code payments, for instance.

ALSO READ:‘There’s time for smaller companies to learn the new system’

“There would have been a lot of complaints prior to the Covid-19 pandemic (in 2020) if businesses had been asked if ewallets could be used to make payments. They were practically non-existent.

“But nowadays such payments are widely accepted even among smaller businesses and hawkers,” he said.

Experts say the pandemic greatly sped up digital payments globally, as, for a few years, people were living mostly online.

ALSO READ:LHDN announces six-month grace period for einvoicing implementation

When it comes to e-invoicing, the driving force is efficiency in collecting taxes and stopping leakages to increase the government’s tax revenue. To further ensure a smooth transition, Koong said the LHDN has announced some flexibility and relaxation of e-invoicing regulations.

For instance, there will be no prosecution action under Section 120 of the Income Tax Act 1967 for non-compliance with e-invoicing rules, provided the business complies with consolidated e-invoicing requirements.

This means the supplier can gather all statements or bills issued and then issue a consolidated einvoice as proof of the supplier’s income, according to einvoicemalaysia.my.

ALSO READ:Are you ready for e-invoicing starting Aug 1?

Koong added that the LHDN is planning to roll out an e-invoicing mobile app and e-POS (electronic point-of-sale) system by the end of this year, free of charge for businesses to download.

Phase 2 of the e-invoicing system will be implemented on Jan 1, 2025, for companies with a turnover of below RM100mil and up to RM25mil, while full implementation under Phase 3 will begin on July 1, 2025, for businesses with an annual turnover of above RM150,000.

Malay Chamber of Commerce Malaysia secretary-general Ahmad Yazid Othman said most Phase 1 companies are ready, although some may still be facing some difficulties, especially smaller businesses that serve the larger companies under the Aug 1 rollout.

He added that companies are expecting to run into teething problems just as they did when the GST was first implemented in April 2015.

ALSO READ:The e-invoicing dilemma

“The LHDN has given its assurance of some flexibility and relaxation of regulations during the initial implementation period, and this is most welcome.

“We hope that companies will not delay implementing e-invoicing with these assurances, which will at the same time motivate other companies to speed up the transition process when their turn comes,” he said.

Ahmad Yazid, who is also a senior fellow with the Malay Economic Action Council, said the experience gained from Phase 1 of the e-invoicing process will be helpful for both the LHDN and businesses to better prepare for the coming phases next year.

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Related stories:

How e-invoicing affects you

‘There’s time for smaller companies to learn the new system’

LHDN announces six-month grace period for einvoicing implementation

Are you ready for e-invoicing starting Aug 1?

Microenterprises unprepared for e-invoicing, says Wee

The e-invoicing dilemma

Navigating e-Invoicing for SMEs

Over 5,000 applications for MyInvois access ahead of Aug 1 rollout, says LHDN

New accounting software not needed for e-invoicing

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