A us state experimented with sending parents letters about their child’s body mass index in an effort to fight obesity.
SIXTH-GRADE (equivalent to Year Six) boys were lining up to be measured in the Mann Arts and Science Magnet Middle School library in Arkansas, United States.
As they took off their shoes and emptied their pockets, they joked about being the tallest. “It’s an advantage,” said one. “You can play basketball,” said another.
A taller dude can get more girls!” a third student offered. Everyone laughed.
What they didn’t joke about was their weight.
Anndrea Veasley, the school’s registered nurse, had them stand one by one.
One boy, Christopher, slumped as she measured his height. “Chin up slightly,” she said. Then Veasley asked him to stand backward on a scale so he didn’t see the numbers.
She silently noted his height as just shy of four feet, seven inches (139.7 centimetres) and his weight as 115.6 pounds (52.4 kilogrammes).
His parents would later be among thousands to receive a letter beginning, “Many children in Arkansas have health problems caused by their weight.”
The letter includes each student’s measurements, as well as their calculated body mass index (BMI), an indicator of body fat.
The BMI number categorises each child as “underweight”, “normal”, “overweight” or “obese”.
Christopher’s BMI of 25.1 put him in the range of obesity.
> Is it really useful?
In 2003, Arkansas became the first US state to send home BMI reports about all students as part of a broader anti-obesity initiative.
> But in the 20 years since, the state’s childhood obesity rates have risen to nearly 24% from 21%, reflecting a similar, albeit higher, trajectory than national US rates.
During the Covid-19 pandemic, the state obesity rate hit a high of more than 26%.
Still, at least 23 US states followed Arkansas’ lead and required height and weight assessments of students.
Some have since scaled back their efforts after parents raised concerns.
One school district in Wyoming used to include a child’s BMI score in report cards, a practice it has since stopped.
Ohio allows districts to opt in, and last year, just two of 611 school districts reported BMI information to the state.
And Massachusetts stopped sending letters home.
Even Arkansas changed its rules to allow parents to opt out.
Multiple studies have shown that these reports, or “fat letters” as they’re sometimes mockingly called, have had no effect on weight loss.
And some nutritionists, psychologists and parents have criticised the letters, saying they can lead to weight stigma and eating disorders.
BMI as a tool has come under scrutiny too, because it does not consider differences across racial and ethnic groups, sex, gender, and age.
In 2023, the American Medical Association called the BMI “imperfect” and suggested it be used alongside other tools such as visceral fat measurements, body composition and genetic factors.
Meant for awareness
All that highlights a question: What purpose do BMI school measurements and letters serve?
Nearly 20% of American children were classified as obese just before the Covid-19 pandemic – up from only 5% some 50 years ago – and lockdowns made the problem worse.
It’s unclear what sorts of interventions might reverse the trend.
Dr Joe Thompson, a paediatrician who helped create Arkansas’ programme and now leads the Arkansas Center for Health Improvement, said BMI letters are meant to be a screening tool, not a diagnostic test, to make parents aware if their child is at risk of developing serious health issues such as heart disease, diabetes and respiratory problems.
> Sharing this information with them is critical, he said, given that many don’t see it as a problem because obesity is so prevalent.
Arkansas is also a rural state, so many families don’t have easy access to paediatricians, he said.
Dr Thompson said he’s heard from many parents who have acted on the letters.
“To this day, they are still our strongest advocates,” he said.
The programme also led to new efforts to reduce obesity.
Some school districts in Arkansas have instituted “movement breaks”, while others have added vegetable gardens, cooking classes and walking trails.
One district sought funding for bicycles.
The state does not study whether these efforts are working.
Researchers say the BMI data also serves an important purpose in illuminating population-level trends, even if it isn’t helpful to individuals.
Parents are generally supportive of weighing children in school, and the letters have helped increase their awareness of obesity, research shows.
At the same time, few parents followed up with a healthcare provider or made changes to their child’s diet or physical activity after getting a BMI letter, several other studies have found.
In what is considered the gold standard study of BMI letters, published in 2020, researchers in California found that the letters home had no effect on students’ weight.
Dr Hannah Thompson, a University of California-berkeley assistant professor who coauthored the study, said most parents didn’t even remember getting the letters.
“It’s such a tiny-touch behavioural intervention,” she said.
Practical advice needed
Arkansas now measures all public school students in even grades annually, except for 12th graders (equivalent to Form Six or pre-university) because by that stage, Dr Thompson said the students are “beyond the opportunities for schools to have an impact”.
The change also came after many boys in one school wore leg weights under their jeans as a prank, he said.
Kimberly Collins, 50, remembers being confused by the BMI letters sent to her from the Little Rock School District in Arkansas, stating that all her children were considered overweight and that one daughter was classified as obese.
“It offended me as a mama,” she said. “It made me feel like I wasn’t doing my job.”
She didn’t think her children looked overweight and the family paediatrician had never brought it up as a concern.
Assist Prof Thompson said that’s the biggest problem with BMI letters: Parents don’t know what to do with the information.
Without support to help change behaviour, she said, the letters don’t do much. >
“You find out your child is asthmatic, and you can get an inhaler, right?” she said.
“You find out that your child is overweight and where do you even go from there? What do you do?”
Dr Kevin Gee, a professor at the University of Californiadavis, who has studied BMI letters, said the mailings miss cultural nuances.
In some communities, for example, people prefer their children to be heavier, associating it with comfort and happiness.
Or some eat foods that they know aren’t very nutritious, but are an important way of expressing love and traditions.
“There’s a lot of rich contextual pieces that we know influences rates of obesity,” he said.
“And so, how do we balance that information?” &
Collins’ daughter, now 15, said that as she’s grown older, she increasingly feels uncomfortable about her weight.
People stare at her and sometimes make comments. (Collins’ mother asked that her daughter’s name not be published because of her age and the sensitive nature of the subject.)
“On my birthday, I went to get my allergy shots and one of the nurses told me, ‘You are getting chubbier’,” she said.
“That didn’t make me feel the best.”
Collins said it pains her to see her soft-spoken daughter cover herself with her arms as if she’s trying to hide.
The teenager has also begun sneaking food and avoids the mirror by refusing to turn on the bathroom light, Collins said.
The girl signed up for tennis, but stopped after other children made fun of her, her mother said. (See From teen to adult: Weight stigma lingers on p8)
Looking back, Collins said, while she wishes she had paid more attention to the BMI letters, she also would have liked practical suggestions on what to do.
She said she had already been following the shortlist of recommended healthy practices, including feeding her children fruits and vegetables, and limiting screen time.
She isn’t sure what else she could have done.
Now everyone has an opinion on her daughter’s weight, Collins said.
One person told her to put a lock on the fridge.
Another t old her to buy vegan snacks.
Her mother bought them a scale.
“It’s a total uphill climb,” Collins said with a sigh. – KFF Health News/tribune News Service
This article was produced as a part of a project for the Spencer Education Journalism Fellowship. KFF Health News is a US national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programmes of KFF – the independent source for US health policy research, polling and journalism.
As they took off their shoes and emptied their pockets, they joked about being the tallest. “It’s an advantage,” said one. “You can play basketball,” said another.
A taller dude can get more girls!” a third student offered. Everyone laughed.
What they didn’t joke about was their weight.
Anndrea Veasley, the school’s registered nurse, had them stand one by one.
One boy, Christopher, slumped as she measured his height. “Chin up slightly,” she said. Then Veasley asked him to stand backward on a scale so he didn’t see the numbers.
She silently noted his height as just shy of four feet, seven inches (139.7 centimetres) and his weight as 115.6 pounds (52.4 kilogrammes).
His parents would later be among thousands to receive a letter beginning, “Many children in Arkansas have health problems caused by their weight.”
The letter includes each student’s measurements, as well as their calculated body mass index (BMI), an indicator of body fat.
The BMI number categorises each child as “underweight”, “normal”, “overweight” or “obese”.
Christopher’s BMI of 25.1 put him in the range of obesity.
> Is it really useful?
In 2003, Arkansas became the first US state to send home BMI reports about all students as part of a broader anti-obesity initiative.
> But in the 20 years since, the state’s childhood obesity rates have risen to nearly 24% from 21%, reflecting a similar, albeit higher, trajectory than national US rates.
During the Covid-19 pandemic, the state obesity rate hit a high of more than 26%.
Still, at least 23 US states followed Arkansas’ lead and required height and weight assessments of students.
Some have since scaled back their efforts after parents raised concerns.
One school district in Wyoming used to include a child’s BMI score in report cards, a practice it has since stopped.
Ohio allows districts to opt in, and last year, just two of 611 school districts reported BMI information to the state.
And Massachusetts stopped sending letters home.
Even Arkansas changed its rules to allow parents to opt out.
Multiple studies have shown that these reports, or “fat letters” as they’re sometimes mockingly called, have had no effect on weight loss.
And some nutritionists, psychologists and parents have criticised the letters, saying they can lead to weight stigma and eating disorders.
BMI as a tool has come under scrutiny too, because it does not consider differences across racial and ethnic groups, sex, gender, and age.
In 2023, the American Medical Association called the BMI “imperfect” and suggested it be used alongside other tools such as visceral fat measurements, body composition and genetic factors.
Meant for awareness
All that highlights a question: What purpose do BMI school measurements and letters serve?
Nearly 20% of American children were classified as obese just before the Covid-19 pandemic – up from only 5% some 50 years ago – and lockdowns made the problem worse.
It’s unclear what sorts of interventions might reverse the trend.
Dr Joe Thompson, a paediatrician who helped create Arkansas’ programme and now leads the Arkansas Center for Health Improvement, said BMI letters are meant to be a screening tool, not a diagnostic test, to make parents aware if their child is at risk of developing serious health issues such as heart disease, diabetes and respiratory problems.
> Sharing this information with them is critical, he said, given that many don’t see it as a problem because obesity is so prevalent.
Arkansas is also a rural state, so many families don’t have easy access to paediatricians, he said.
Dr Thompson said he’s heard from many parents who have acted on the letters.
“To this day, they are still our strongest advocates,” he said.
The programme also led to new efforts to reduce obesity.
Some school districts in Arkansas have instituted “movement breaks”, while others have added vegetable gardens, cooking classes and walking trails.
One district sought funding for bicycles.
The state does not study whether these efforts are working.
Researchers say the BMI data also serves an important purpose in illuminating population-level trends, even if it isn’t helpful to individuals.
Parents are generally supportive of weighing children in school, and the letters have helped increase their awareness of obesity, research shows.
At the same time, few parents followed up with a healthcare provider or made changes to their child’s diet or physical activity after getting a BMI letter, several other studies have found.
In what is considered the gold standard study of BMI letters, published in 2020, researchers in California found that the letters home had no effect on students’ weight.
Dr Hannah Thompson, a University of California-berkeley assistant professor who coauthored the study, said most parents didn’t even remember getting the letters.
“It’s such a tiny-touch behavioural intervention,” she said.
Practical advice needed
Arkansas now measures all public school students in even grades annually, except for 12th graders (equivalent to Form Six or pre-university) because by that stage, Dr Thompson said the students are “beyond the opportunities for schools to have an impact”.
The change also came after many boys in one school wore leg weights under their jeans as a prank, he said.
Kimberly Collins, 50, remembers being confused by the BMI letters sent to her from the Little Rock School District in Arkansas, stating that all her children were considered overweight and that one daughter was classified as obese.
“It offended me as a mama,” she said. “It made me feel like I wasn’t doing my job.”
She didn’t think her children looked overweight and the family paediatrician had never brought it up as a concern.
Assist Prof Thompson said that’s the biggest problem with BMI letters: Parents don’t know what to do with the information.
Without support to help change behaviour, she said, the letters don’t do much. >
“You find out your child is asthmatic, and you can get an inhaler, right?” she said.
“You find out that your child is overweight and where do you even go from there? What do you do?”
Dr Kevin Gee, a professor at the University of Californiadavis, who has studied BMI letters, said the mailings miss cultural nuances.
In some communities, for example, people prefer their children to be heavier, associating it with comfort and happiness.
Or some eat foods that they know aren’t very nutritious, but are an important way of expressing love and traditions.
“There’s a lot of rich contextual pieces that we know influences rates of obesity,” he said.
“And so, how do we balance that information?” &
Collins’ daughter, now 15, said that as she’s grown older, she increasingly feels uncomfortable about her weight.
People stare at her and sometimes make comments. (Collins’ mother asked that her daughter’s name not be published because of her age and the sensitive nature of the subject.)
“On my birthday, I went to get my allergy shots and one of the nurses told me, ‘You are getting chubbier’,” she said.
“That didn’t make me feel the best.”
Collins said it pains her to see her soft-spoken daughter cover herself with her arms as if she’s trying to hide.
The teenager has also begun sneaking food and avoids the mirror by refusing to turn on the bathroom light, Collins said.
The girl signed up for tennis, but stopped after other children made fun of her, her mother said. (See From teen to adult: Weight stigma lingers on p8)
Looking back, Collins said, while she wishes she had paid more attention to the BMI letters, she also would have liked practical suggestions on what to do.
She said she had already been following the shortlist of recommended healthy practices, including feeding her children fruits and vegetables, and limiting screen time.
She isn’t sure what else she could have done.
Now everyone has an opinion on her daughter’s weight, Collins said.
One person told her to put a lock on the fridge.
Another t old her to buy vegan snacks.
Her mother bought them a scale.
“It’s a total uphill climb,” Collins said with a sigh. – KFF Health News/tribune News Service
This article was produced as a part of a project for the Spencer Education Journalism Fellowship. KFF Health News is a US national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programmes of KFF – the independent source for US health policy research, polling and journalism.
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Not the best for weight
Although BMI is widely used as a measure of weight, it is not very accurate and can lead to the mistreatment of obesity and eating disorders.
.The idea that obesity is a disease of the brain is gaining traction among scientists as the hypothalamus (in yellow) plays a key role in regulating our appetite and metabolism.>>
This is because obesity is a very complex issue with a lot of interconnected causes.
In the past, it was assumed that as our society became richer, we had to physically work less to get our food and this led to over-nourishment.
However, we now know that it is overly simplistic to think that obesity develops as a result of an individual just “eating too much”.
Instead, there are often multiple factors beyond our control that contribute to an individual developing obesity.
For example, people who come from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds may not have the financial privilege of accessing healthy food options.
They may also not be educated enough to choose better quality food with their available resources.
Children born into these families with a history of obesity have higher chances of developing obesity later on in life.
This is partly contributed by genetic factors, as well as enduring lifestyle habits inculcated from a young age that may be difficult to change.
Obesity is also closely linked to the development of mood disorders such as depression and anxiety.
People suffering from depression also have a higher chance of developing eating disorders that subsequently lead to obesity.
A lot of these factors form vicious cycles that span generations.
On a population scale, we are living in an increasingly “obesogenic environment”.
This refers to the multiple physical, economic and sociocultural factors that collectively contribute to the development of an obese population.
For example, our built environment promotes a sedentary lifestyle.
Our roads are hardly pedestrian or bicycle-friendly.
Our public transportation system is not optimised, as the lack of last-mile connectivity remains a major hindrance for many.
As a result, most Malaysians are heavily dependent on motorised vehicles to get around, rather than walking or cycling.
Globalisation and industrialisation of the food supply chain have made ultra-processed foods more common now than ever.
Ultra-processed foods refer to those that have gone through a series of industrial processes, often with ingredients like high-fructose corn syrup, modified oils, food colouring and other additives to make the final product hyper-palatable.
These foods are commonly high in calories and easily over-consumed.
They are generally mass-produced and marketed by large companies, and are often much cheaper and more readily available compared to whole, nutritious food options.
As we start to understand more about obesity, it has become increasingly clear that it is, in essence, a disease of the brain.
The hypothalamus located in the brain plays a key role in regulating our appetite and metabolism.
The satiety centre in the hypothalamus is largely responsible for controlling our sensation of hunger.
When an individual develops obesity, the accumulation of excessive fat tissue actually leads to a host of hormonal changes within the body.
These hormonal changes not only suppress the satiety centre and increase hunger, but also slow down our metabolism rate.
Essentially, our body has a weight “setpoint”, and will try to revert to this setpoint despite our best efforts.
These underlying biological mechanisms are largely out of our voluntary control.
They also explain why people with obesity who embark on lifestyle changes to lose weight tend to hit a plateau after an initial weight loss.
In fact, after some time, they may regain some of the weight they lost initially.
